This causes the onset of a “cytokine storm” or “cytokine release syndrome”, which mainly causes ARDS and further leads to pathogenic effects through a quite ubiquitous target at a multiple-organ level ( Dhama et al., 2020 Tang et al., 2020 Vinciguerra et al., 2020).Īt present, many drugs are being repurposed for supportive management in COVID-19 based on docking studies, pharmacological rationale, and clinical experiences ( Jean and Hsueh, 2020 Kandeel and Al-Nazawi, 2020 Rabaan et al., 2020 Singh et al., 2020). The pathogenesis of COVID-19 emerges as a multifaceted, multi-system, multi-organ disorder, including viremia to overt the activation of immune responses and inflammatory processes that result in a dysregulated immune pattern, manifested by a massive rise in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules ( Dhama et al., 2020).
The majority of deaths are happening due to complications, such as severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), shock, sepsis, and resultant multi-organ failure ( Huang et al., 2020 Yang et al., 2020). The symptoms include fever, dry cough, sore throat, diarrhea, rashes on the skin, face, or toes, shortness of breath, loss of smell, anorexia, fatigue, headache, myalgia, anosmia, and ageusia, identified as the clinical criteria for diagnosis of COVID-19 ( Jin et al., 2020). The severity of infection varies from patients being asymptomatic to pre-symptomatic to symptomatic with different stages of illness, ranging from mild, moderate, to severe ( Yang et al., 2020). Based on reasonable pharmacological mechanisms and therapeutic properties, we speculate that BCP has potential to be investigated against COVID-19 and will inspire further preclinical and clinical studies.ĬOVID-19, a public health emergency and pandemic, has affected millions of people worldwide and continues to do so, despite numerous preventive measures, and this situation will continue until a vaccine is developed ( Huang et al., 2020). In line with numerous studies that proposed the potential of cannabinoids in COVID-19, BCP may be a novel candidate compound for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical development due to its unique functional receptor selectivity, wide availability and accessibility, dietary bioavailability, nonpsychoactivity, and negligible toxicity along with druggable properties, including favorable pharmacokinetic and physicochemical properties. Based on its pharmacological properties, molecular mechanisms, and the therapeutic potential of BCP as an immunomodulator, anti-inflammatory, organ-protective, and antiviral, we hypothesize that BCP could be a promising therapeutic and/or preventive candidate to target the triad of infection, immunity, and inflammation in COVID-19. BCP showed tissue protective properties and favorably modulates numerous signaling pathways and inhibits inflammatory mediators, including cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, prostanoids, and eicosanoids. BCP is regarded as the first dietary cannabinoid with abundant presence across cannabis and non-cannabis plants, including spices and other edible plants.
#Tessera limoni full#
BCP is recognized as a full selective functional agonist on CB2 receptors and produces therapeutic effects by activating CB2 and the nuclear receptors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). To pharmacologically activate the CB2 receptors, a naturally occurring cannabinoid ligand, beta-caryophyllene (BCP), received attention due to its potent anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and immunomodulatory properties.
One of the most promising therapeutic targets for the modulation of immune-inflammatory responses is the endocannabinoid system, particularly the activation of cannabinoid type 2 receptors (CB2R), a G-protein coupled receptor which mediates the anti-inflammatory properties by modulating numerous signaling pathways. Therefore, therapeutic strategy relies on suppressing infectivity and inflammation, along with immune modulation. The pathogenesis and the complications with advanced infection mainly involve an immune-inflammatory cascade.
Identifying candidate drugs for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 is crucial. It has affected millions of people and continues to affect more, despite tremendous social preventive measures. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is an ongoing pandemic and presents a public health emergency.
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